United States foreign policy relations to international politics Essay Example for Free

United States foreign policy relations to international politics Essay A foreign policy is a policy that governs, or gives directives on how a state relates with other state and non-state actors on the international scene. It is usually broad in that it governs issues of military, economic as well as trade. In many countries including the United States the president is usually the chief negotiator of the foreign policy. The foreign relations of the United States are highly influential on the world stage. The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the U. S. Department of State, are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community. In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial intercourse with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; International commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation. . HISTORY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY America’s foreign policy has been changing since independence in 1776. There are times when it was inclined to isolationism, at other times selective engagement and others containment. The foreign policy is also widely associated with the military. In the case of the United States the president is the chief negotiator of the foreign policy through the ministry of foreign affairs headed by the secretary of state, who is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy. In the united states the President is also Commander in Chief of the military, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces once they are deployed whether for domestic or for the purposes of the international community. Due to the fact that the president has veto powers within the country the executive has been able to implement foreign policy decisions at the expense of the legislature. Some of the recent examples of this are the governments’ decision to wage war in Afghanistan and Iraq. In this regard the executive has also widely kept the legislature in the dark concerning the CIA and us military operations overseas especially on the issue of their humanitarian records and treatment of terrorist suspects in CIA detention camps overseas. The United States is one of the two largest democracies in the world the other being India. As thus the United States government should have given the legislature the privilege of being a major partner in formulating the foreign policy. Instead the executive has gone ahead to even defy the doctrines of the United Nations to which it is a signatory. In so doing the public has been kept in the dark on issues that even though they don’t affect them directly they are still of an important nature. American foreign policy has been the subject of much debate and criticism both domestically and abroad. Charges of negative influence have been levied even in countries traditionally considered allies of the United States. This has been mainly so since the foreign policy is designed in a way that it is only good if and only if the recipient country is willing to play by U.S terms if not so then everything changes. CONCLUSION: The American foreign policy can be seen as an extension of the executive this is because many policy decisions even if they are discussed by the congress the executive implements them to its own terms. This has caused many negative criticisms from both domestically and internationally since even when an issue is approved by the congress the executive has had a tendency of over implementing the policies turning good intentions into a bad policy implementation. REFERENCE: US Dept of State Foreign Policy Agenda. Available at: http://usinfo. state. gov/pub/ejournalusa/foreignpolagenda. html Committee on Foreign Affairs: U. S. House of Representatives . available at: http://www. internationalrelations. house. gov James M. Scott (1998) After the End CL: Making U. S. Foreign Policy in the Post-cold War World, Duke University Press. Israel, Iran top negative list, Nick Childs, 6 March 2007. Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/6421597. stm

Thyroid Cancer Essay example -- essays research papers

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid gland also makes the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in calcium metabolism and stimulating bone cells to add calcium to bone. Thyroid caner is a disease in which the cells of the thyroid gland become abnormal, grow uncontrollably and form a mass of cells called a tumor. Some tumors grow and enlarge only at the site where they began. These types of tumors are referred to as benign tumors. Other tumors not only enlarge locally, but they also have the potential to invade and destroy the normal tissues around them and to spread to other regions of the body. These types of tumors are called malignant tumors or cancer.() Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland tend to develop gradually and remain localized. The tumors usually appear as nodules or lumps of tissue growing on or inside the gland itself. Almost 95% of these lumps or nodules are non-cancerous (benign), and are usually caused by thyroid conditions such as goiters (Shin 422). The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be about 23,600 new cases of thyroid cancer in the U.S. in 2004 (Thackery 1057). Women are three times more likely to develop th yroid cancer than men. Although the disease also affects younger people, most people who develop thyroid cancer are over 50 years of age. Caucasians are affected more often than African-Americans (Rubin 88).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are four main types of thyroid cancers: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. These tumors are identified by the type of cells seen under the microscope. Papillary thyroid tumors occur most often. This type of thyroid cancer develops on one or b... ... people with thyroid cancer have no known risk factors. Therefore it may not be possible to prevent it. However, inherited cases of medullary thyroid cancer can be prevented if radiation to the neck is avoided (Longe 3308). If a family member has had the disease, the rest of the family can be testes and treated early. The National Cancer Institute recommends an examination for anyone who has received radiation to the head and neck area during childhood at intervals of one or two years. It is also recommended that the neck and the thyroid should be carefully examined for any lumps or enlargement of the nearby lymph nodes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Longe, Jacqueline L. â€Å"Thyroid Cancer.† The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 2nd ed. 2001. Rubin, Alan L. Thyroid for Dummies. New York, NY: Hungry Minds, 2001. Shin, Linda M. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 1998 Surks, Martin I. The Thyroid Book. Yonkers, NY: Consumer Reports Books, 1993 Thackery, Ellen. â€Å"Thyroid Cancer.†

Advancements in Military Technology Essay

Military technology is defined as the collection of vehicles, equipment, structures, and communications that are used for warfare. Warfare has always pushed back technologies boundaries, from the first tanks to stealth bombers like the B2. Advancements in military technology keeps the military â€Å"on the top of their game†. Most countries use military technology to gain power,wealth, and land, as well as, protect their people along with protecting the power, wealth and land that they have. Military technology was seen to become more sophisticated in the cold war where in technology for military use has greatly increased because of the fear of the Soviet Union’s power. This fear had affected our citizens, whom urged our government onward to the development of new modern weapons ever since that time. This new technology included a large array of items from communication to weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biological weapons). This new technology is an important part of modern day warfare. With our tax dollars, the military has put forth vital efforts in technology that goes beyond military use and are the source of the current technology in our ordinary lives today. For instance, did you know that it was military technology advancements that helped created the World Wide Web! The new advancements in military technology, have protected the United States citizens as well as millions of people all over the world. Many countries are relying on the US Government for their protection. War is no laughing matter and in order to be on alert and ready to protect people on any given notice, such advancements in technology are necessary. Today we have countries with leaders that are threatening the lives of their citizens, along with the welfare of countries surrounding them. These leaders have access to weapons of mass destruction. Unfortunately some of these weapons in their hands are results from our military†™s technology. However, whether or not it was our government’s technology that created such weapons, it is our technology that needs to keep eyes on these leaders and also use weapons to prevent such a tragedy to happen. There will always be a growing need for new military technology. Most people don’t understand the significance of advancements in military technology and many believe that it is only used in combat. This is not so, there is so much more to this  technology than fighting. For instance, this technology is used for rebuilding. After war there is clean up. Looking at the destruction that occurred in WWII, one can see the need for advancements to speed up the process of rebuilding fallen countries quickly. We just simply need to look at our impact in Japan after WWII and see what such advancements in technology can do for the infrastructure and well being of that country and many others. If we do look at what the technology has done for society and warfare we can underst and the need for an ever increasing need for it. Military technology may be divided into five categories: (1) Offensive Arms – harm the enemy; (2) Defensive weapons – ward off offensive attacks; (3) Transportation – moves soldiers and weaponry; (4) Communications – coordinate the movements of armed forces; (5) Sensors – detect forces and guide weaponry. (1) Offensive Arms. Lets look at current technology in the military offensive arms. As the technology of warfare had developed, the means of defending against ever-changing weaponry have alter dramatically. Our military needs to stand out in this category. Why? Would you want to be in war, or in the least, on the bad side with a military that has the latest advancements in weaponry? Heck no! In order for our country to ward off psychopathic leaders we need to show our technology, or the majority of it off. The media and the internet does a great job at this. Looking alone at the three tanks our military technology has rolled out: M1A2 Arams Tank, Zumwalt Destroyer, and the PL-01 Stealth Tank, is mindblowing! The use of Adaptiv Stealth Technology is being developed for other military vehicles as well. Stealth in aircraft design will minimize the ways in which aircraft can be detected by ground or airborne air defense systems. Even small things that you would not see change to, are becoming advanceds. Looking at the modern bullet or the ploy case ammo, one can see that every object is scrutinized for improvement. The rifles being introduced to our soldiers are top of the line. Ones like the modern day assault rifle – AK47 and the trackpoint Ar-15 are only a few of update and improvements in personnel weapons. One of the latest weapon in development is an electromagnetic railgun launcher. It uses a form of electromagnetic energy known as the  Lorentz force to hurl a 23- pound projectile at speeds exceeding Mach 7! When it comes to offensive weaponry the military will always be on the cutting edge of technology. (2) Defensive Weapons. Weapons use for protection our military personnel and civilians is a priority to our government. Although offensive weapons such as tanks, planes, carriers, etc. all have offensive technology within it, lets look at personal protection. Initially, the military worked on ways to protect the soldiers in combat. They needed protection that was durable, lightweight and useful in protecting a life. If we accepted the armor the knights wore and never grew on that technology for body armor, imagine our soldiers clumsily piling in a tank or doing maneuvers with that heavy piece of metal slowing them down! Now look at what we have today in body armor. The invention of Kevlar keeps our soldiers mobile and protected. Kevlar does not stop at body armor but is used in shelters, gas tanks and other vulnerable items. However, the technology does not stop there. The creation of a product known as liquid armor is the latest in armor protection in development right now. (3) Transportation. Getting our military personnel to their destination quickly and safely is a concern always looked at by our military. Although, we have military personnel all over the world, once a threat is made, they need to move rapidly and safely. After all, the enemy has already scouted the area and has the upper hand at the location. They will be looking for miliary to move in and don’t doubt for a moment they won’t be ready. One of the latest advancements is called The Mule, a computerized control transport vehicle that military personnel can load their equipment on, and know that it will get their equipment to their destination without a hitch over rough terrain. (4) Communications. Communications is vital to any operation and that goes double for warfare. Back in WWII, the US went so far as to use the primarily unknown native tongue of an American Indian tribe to communicate information. As a result it kept the Axis Powers lost in translation. The interception of communication can not be allowed, so the most up to date technology needs to be pressed forward. With the use of computers, hacking has opened up a door of vulnerability. Computer techs are aware of this danger and every new technology developed in their field is tested over and over and new hacking protection is a constant endeavor. Even old school Morse Code is getting a  high tech twist to it. Using it over cell phones and as text messages surpasses QWERTY keyboard speed thanks to an iambic keyer. Future communications may include the use telepathy, halogens and a new internet. (5) Sensors. Sensors are used to detect forces and guide weaponry. Remember the job of a scout? They would move ahead of the army to spy on the opposition ahead and relay it back. Putting human lives at risk to head off to the unknown is being curtailed today by modern day scouts. We call them Drones. Unmanned and fairly undetected these weapons fly below radar quietly scanning and relay information instantaneously to our forces. Then there is the surveillance blimp that can see airborne 340 miles away! And lets not forget the satellites that can zoom in on your own back yard. There is also infrared technology that can see below the Earth’s surface in search of tunnels and underground posts.

Human Resources Development in Nigeria Local Government

CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT In this chapter, we discussed the various elements of human resources management. Also the review of some existing literature relevant to the study, is made to refer to some scholars work related to the topic under study. It has been a general agreement that training and development is a good thing and that it increase productivity, but the question is â€Å"how much? It is even difficult to show causal link between HR development and national /organizational performance partly because pay off from development may not be seen in the short term. It is also difficult to tie-down performance improvement to the development itself and to†¦show more content†¦Omole (2004) asserts that human resource development is concerned with providing learning and development opportunities, making training intervention and planning, conducting and evaluating training programmes. The author discloses that the overall aim of manpower development programmes is to see that the organization has the quality of workforce its needs to attain its goals for improved performance and growth. The personnel employed in an organization according to Vickerstaff (1979) serve as the hub around which other resources revolve. This allows the entire wheel of the organization to turn smoothly in order to perform more effectively, efficiently and economically. This is the reason why the personnel employed in any organization who eventually becomes the bread-winners of his family and an instrument of progress for the society, have to be well structured. The human elements (personnel) have needs, emotions, interest and attachment, his productivity or performance becomes bolstered if he is reasonably taken care of and if his working environment is made conducive. The organization itself and the society at large becomes the ultimate beneficiary in the view of Storey and Sission (1990). 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